Volume 12, Number 01, January 2022

Preparing Legal Documents for NLP Analysis: Improving the Classification
of Text Elements by Using Page Features

  Authors

Frieda Josi¹, Christian Wartena¹ and Ulrich Heid², ¹University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hanover, Germany, ²University of Hildesheim, Germany

  Abstract

Legal documents often have a complex layout with many different headings, headers and footers, side notes, etc. For the further processing, it is important to extract these individual components correctly from a legally binding document, for example a signed PDF. A common approach to do so is to classify each (text) region of a page using its geometric and textual features. This approach works well, when the training and test data have a similar structure and when the documents of a collection to be analyzed have a rather uniform layout. We show that the use of global page properties can improve the accuracy of text element classification: we first classify each page into one of three layout types. After that, we can train a classifier for each of the three page types and thereby improve the accuracy on a manually annotated collection of 70 legal documents consisting of 20,938 text elements. When we split by page type, we achieve an improvement from 0.95 to 0.98 for single-column pages with left marginalia and from 0.95 to 0.96 for double-column pages. We developed our own feature-based method for page layout detection, which we benchmark against a standard implementation of a CNN image classifier.

The approach presented here is based on corpus of freely available German contracts and general terms and conditions. Both the corpus and all manual annotations are made freely available. The method is language agnostic.

  Keywords

PDF Document Analysis, Legal Documents, Layout Detection, Feature and Text Extraction, Classification, Machine Learning, Deep Convolutional Networks, Image Recognition.