Volume 17, Number 4

Exploring Game Based Learning: A Systematic Literature Review (2021-2025)

  Authors

Siti Sakinah Mohd Yusof, Haslinda Hashim and Erni Marlina Saari, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia

  Abstract

This systematic literature review (SLR) investigates how game-based learning (GBL) that involves game design, creation, and play supports programming education and the development of computational thinking (CT) skills. Searches were conducted in Scopus and ERIC in October 2025, applying strict inclusion criteria to focus on fully published journal articles from 2021 to 2025 written in English. The search strategy yielded 285 initial records, with 26 studies meeting the final eligibility requirements. All included studies are situated in the Computer Science and computing education domains and involve students ranging from primary to higher education. The results show that GBL approaches integrating either game play, game design, or a combination of both are consistently associated with improved problem-solving, algorithmic reasoning, motivation, and engagement in programming instruction. Game design and mixed activity models particularly contribute to higher-order CT development by encouraging creativity, abstraction, and meta-cognitive thinking. Immersive technologies, including virtual reality and hybrid interactive platforms, enhance learners’ ability to visualize and interact with programming concepts, thereby supporting deeper engagement and understanding in educational contexts. Despite positive outcomes, key challenges persist, including variability in instructional alignment, limited collaboration mechanics, and technological constraints. This review highlights a growing trend toward learning experiences that blend constructionist and playful elements to better support novice programmers. Future research should deepen experimental rigor, explore diverse learner contexts, and establish more unified frameworks for evaluating CT development through game-based programming education.

  Keywords

Game-Based Learning, Computational Thinking, Programming Education.